1. 名词性从句包括
△.主语从句(在复合句中作主句的主语)
引导词:that(无任何意义,不充当任何成分,只是单纯的连词,不可以省略,也可以用it作形式主语,that引导的从句放在句末)
eg. That he will succeed is certain.—→It’s certain that he’ll succeed .
Whether(从句置于句首时必须用whether,置于句尾时,有时if可与whether交换)
eg. Whether she will go there is not know.
wh-疑问词(有意义,根据词性特点充当相应成分)
what(……东西) who(谁) which(哪一) when(何时) where(什么地方) why(为什么) how(怎样,如何)
whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever,(无论什么,无论谁,无论何时,无论在哪里)语气比what,who,when等强烈 。
△宾语从句(在复合句中作主句的宾语,放在动词,介词,某些adj.等后作宾语)
引导词:that (无任何意义,不充当任何成分,常省略)
(think,believe,suppose,eXPect等后接that引导宾从,形式上否定主句,意义上否定从句)
eg. I don't think you are right.
whether,if(从句中有or,not时,不可用if取代。从句作介词宾语时,不可用if取代)
eg. I don't know whether he will come or not.
Everything depends on whether you agree with us.
wh-特殊疑问词(意义即为疑问词本身的含义)
whatever,whomever,whichever(语气比what,whom,which强些)
△宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序,即按照主语、谓语的顺序
△宾语从句的时态必须与主句呼应
主语谓动现在或将来时,从句可按需要使用任何时态
主句谓动过去时,从句中用过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时,
主句谓动过去时,从句叙述某一客观真理时,从句时态用一般现在时。
△表语从句(在复合句中作主句的表语,放在be动词/联系动词之后)
引导词.that(无任何意义,不充当任何句子成分,不可省略)
eg. The trouble is that we are short of money
whether(“是否”,不可用if代替)
eg. It was uncertain whether he would come.
不确定的是他是否要来
The first question is whether it is true or not.
wh-疑问词(what,who,which;when,where,why,how).注意:表语从句的语序也要用陈述句的语序)
eg. The problem is how we could make him understand it.
as if/though (“似乎”,注意.从句表达的是真实事实还是要用虚拟语气)
eg. He looks as if he were angry.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
△同位语从句(一般跟在某些名词eg.fact,idea,news,dream等的后面,用以解释或说明前面的名词,在句中作同位语)
引导词:that(在下列名词后可用that引导同位语从句,answer,belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,knowledge,law,news,opinion.plan, suggestion,thought,truth,word等)
wh-疑问词(no idea后用when,where,how等)
△表命令、要求、建议等的n.后的同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,即谓动用“should+动尾”
△注意同从与定从的区别
同从的引导词无意义,不充当成分,不可省略,同从与其说明的n/pron应为同一内容。定从的引导词在从句中作成分,对先行词的一个限定说明
2.定语从句包括
限制性定语从句
引导词:关系代词 who,whom,that,whose(某人的);which,that,whose(of which)(某物的)
介词+关系代词,介词+whom/which/whose+n.
关系副词 when,where,why
注意:(1)只用that作关系代词的场合
只用who作关系代词的场合
只用which作关系代词的场合
(2)当先行词是表时间或地点的名词时,根据题意确定用when,where(作状语)或which(作主、宾语)
非限制性定从
引导词:关系代词 who,whom,whose,(某人的)as,which,whose(某物的);
关系副词when,where
注意:as引导非限制性定从常用于一些固定意义的表达
eg. As is known to all,
As is often the case,
As is eXPected.
3.状语从句包括
(1)时间状语从句
连接词 when, while, as; before; after; since, ever since, until, till, as soon as, once, no sooner…than; hardly……when, scarcely…before(when),immediately, directly, instantly; the moment, the minute, each time, next time, the first/last time, soon after
△when 既可引导一个持续性动作,也可引导一个短暂性动作,可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作
while引导的动作必须是持续性的,强调某一段时间内,主从句动作同时发生,相当于during the time that……
as 引导的时间状语从句可用持续性动词,也可用非持续性动词,但它较强调主从句中的动作同时发生,也可用来说明两种正发展或变化的情况。 “随着”,表时间的推移。
eg. It was raining when she arrived home.
My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework
As I get older, I get more optimistic
△(主句)延续性动词(肯定式)+until/till从句(短语) “直到……才” 强调句型 It was not until … that …
not until 置于句首,主句要用部分倒装
△Since 引导时间状语从句,“自从……时”,主句要用完成时态。但时间的计算方式略有不同
since后若是终止性动词的过去式,则时间的起点应从该动作发生时算起。
since后若是延续性性动词的过去式,则时间的起点应从该动作结束时算起
在“It is + 一段时间 +since从句……”句型中,时间一律以since从句的动作完成时算起。
eg. Mr Li has been here since he came back
He hasn't been back at school since he was ill.
自从他病愈后一直没到学校来
I haven't heard from him since he lived here.
自从他不住在这儿以来,我就没有收到过他的来信。
It is three years since she was not in our class.
△ no sooner … than, hardly … when, scarcely……before/when 引导的时间状语从句表示“刚……就……”,“一……就……”,在这些结构中,主句动作先发生,用过去完成时, 从句用一般过去时,主句常用倒装语序,即把助动词had放在主语前面
eg. No sooner had he reached home than it began to rain.
Hardly/Scarcely had I entered the room when the phone rang.
(2)地点状语从句
连接词 where ,wherever
中学英语基础知识分类总复习(四)