您正在看的高中三年级是:非谓语动词（2）。

　　一、概述

　　1、 基本形式的变化：

　　不定式：

　　时态 主动态 被动态

　　一般式 to do to be done

　　进行式 to be doing

　　完成式 to have built to have been built

　　例1：John said that he had run in order to catch the bus. (一般式的主动态)

　　例2：He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被动态)

　　例3：He pretended to be listening attentively. (进行式)

　　例4：He intended to have told you that. (完成式主动态)

　　例5：This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago. (完成式的被动态)

　　V-ing形式：

　　时态 主动态 被 动 态

　　一般式 doing being done

　　完成式 having done having been done

　　不及物动词没有被动式

　　动名词

　　例1：I am sure of his coming in time. (一般式主动态) (= I am sure that he will come in time)

　　例2：He is proud of being selected as monitor. (一般式被动态) (= He is proud that he is selected as monitor.)

　　例3：I’m confident of his having passed the exam. (完成式主动态)

　　(= I am confident that he have passed the exam.)

　　例4：He complained of having been cheated by others. (完成式被动态)

　　现在分词

　　例1：He sat in a chair,reading a novel. (一般式主动态)

　　例2：Being exhausted by work, he fell asleep quickly. (一般式被动态)

　　例3：Having finished his homework, he went playing. (完成式主动态)

　　例4：All this having been settled, he went home. (完成式被动态)

　　2、所做成分

　　项目/成分 主语 表语 宾语 宾补 定语 状语

　　动词的ing形式 现在分词 △ △ △ △

　　动名词 △ △ △ △

　　不定式 △ △ △ △ △ △

　　过去分词 △ △ △ △

　　二、基本知识

　　(一)动词不定式在句中充当的成分

　　(1)作主语。

　　例如：To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.

　　To make money is not the only purpose of our life.赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的

　　在很多情况下，常用it 来充当动词不定式的形式主语。

　　例如：It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。

　　(2)作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：

　　help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，eXPect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)

　　例如：He managed to pass the exam.他成功地通过了考试。

　　He promised to be here at nine.他答应9点钟到这儿。

　　I didn’t eXPect to see you here.我没有料到在这儿见到你。

　　在某些复合宾语中，用it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。

　　例如：He considered it better to leave now.他认为最好现在就离开。

　　I found it impossible to finish the work on time.我发现准时完成这项工作是不可能的。

　　(3)作定语(常置于名词之后)。

　　由only, last, next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语; 不定式还可用作名词

　　代词的的宾语 (ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure,

　　intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something)

　　例如:She is always the first student to arrive at school.

　　He is always the last one to leave the office.他总是最后一个离开办公室。

　　I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.我想他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。

　　I have no desire to travel.

　　You’ll find something to interest you here.

　　注：动词不定式to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。

　　例如：I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.

　　I found no one to play with.

　　(4)作状语

　　例如：I walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.(不至于跌倒) (表目的)

　　They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. (表结果)

　　He tried only to fail. (结果没有成功)

　　She was happy to hear the news. (表原因)

　　不定式常用于修饰下列形容词:

　　able,afraid,angry, anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever, considerate, delighted, difficult,eager, easy, fit, frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful, thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong etc.

　　例如：French is difficult to learn. 法语难学。

　　I’m sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.

　　(5)作独立副词成分。

　　例如：To speak frankly, I don’t like your attitude.

　　(6)与疑问词连用。疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。

　　例如：When to start has not been decided.什么时候出发还没有定。

　　The problem is how to get there on time.问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。

　　注：在有些动词后常用疑问词 + 动词不定式的结构。这类动词有：know, ask, tell, show, wonder,

　　consider, understand, learn, instruct, guess, see, eXPlain, discover, imagine, think, hear 等。

　　例如：He didn’t know what to do next.

　　I haven’t decided whether to go to Japan.我没有决定是否到日本去。

　　▲不定式的复合结构

　　由for + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。

　　例如：

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