1.Don’t reach sideways while standing on a ladder.
站在梯子上的时候,不要侧着身子伸手拿东西。
1)句中的reach是不及物动词,作“伸出手”解。
sideways是副词,作“侧着身子”解。
[例]The little boy reached for the apple on the table.
小男孩伸手够桌上的苹果。
He was so fat that he could only get through the door sideways.他太胖了,只能 侧身通过这个大门。
2)句中的while standing on a ladder是while you are standing on a ladder的省略。在有些(时)表示时间、地点、条件等状语从句中,如谓语动词为be,而主语又和主句的主语一致,那么,从句中的主语和谓语的一部分,常可省略。
[例]Don’t listen to music while doing your homework.
2.Repeat this as often as is necessary.(=Repeat this action as many times as it is necessary.)根据需要尽量多次重复这个动作。
1)句中this指上句的…breathe into his/her mouth(向口里吹气)这个动作。often在这里作“多次”解(many times.)
2)as…as 作“像……一样地”解,引起表示比较的状语从句。在两个as的中间插入形容词或副词。在第二个as后常跟名词或代词,也可以跟从句。例如:
Jimmy is as tall as his father (is tall).
吉米跟他爸爸一样高。(as后跟名词)
He can run as fast as I(as run)
他可以跑得跟我一样快。(as后跟代词)
You know as much about that as I do.关于那件事,你了解得跟我一样多。(as后跟从句)
Please come as soon as (is) possible.
请尽可能早点回来。(as后跟从句,其中is通常省去)
最后这个例句中的as soon as is possible,和课文中的as often as is necessary 非常近似。第二个as后跟从句可以看作是省略了主语it,那as often as (it) is necessary.又如 :
In English class, we should speak English as much as (is) possible.在英语课上我们应当尽可能多说英语。
You can eXPlain grammar points in Chinese as much as is necessary.你可以根据需要,用汉语来解释语法点。
核心知识
常用单词积累
knee ought ought to still(adj)
medical care bite mouth-to-mouth lay
burn cut(n) electric container pool
by mistake pay attention to a short while
基础知识精讲
1.injure (vt) hurt, damage
(1)伤害,损害;
(2)伤(感情);
例In the railroad accident 300 people were injured.在这次火车失事中300人受伤。
Many houses were injured by the storm.许多房屋被暴风所损坏。
You have an injured look.(injured adj.受冤屈的,感情受伤害)
你像受了冤屈的样子。
injure, hurt和wound都有“受伤”,“伤害”之意。但在使用时它们是有不同的,injure 指发生某些事以导致伤害,减少或减损力量,健康、完美、权利、价值、用途等,为一般用 语。hurt为injured之较不正式的代用语,特指造成对人或物实质上的损害,或身心的痛苦。另外,hurt还可用作vi.作“感到疼痛”;wound主要指切伤、割伤、刺伤,在战场上身体 受伤,有时也可以指信用、名誉、感情等受到损伤。
例 Dishonesty injures a business.欺骗有害营业。
He hurt my hand by twisting it.他扭伤了我的手。
The shell wounded him in the head.炮弹伤了他的头部。
Does your leg still hurt(=give pain)?你的腿还痛吗?
I was rather hurt by what they said about me.他们对我的批评,使我相当伤心。
2.need“需要”既可用作情态动词,也可作实义动词,使用时需注意下列几点:
(1)作为情态动词,它通常表示立即完成的必要性,常用来要求许可或给予许可。第三人称单数像其他所有情态动词一样,不带-s,不能构成动词不定式、v-ing或过去分词,构成疑问句和否定句时不用助动词do,后面跟的动词不定式不带to作为实义动词,第三人称单数现在时加-s,构成疑问句和否定句时须借助动词do(does, did),后面跟的不定式有to。
(2)作为情态动词need一般只用于否定句、疑问句,在肯定句中,它是全然不用作情态动词。
(She need do it now.是错误的,应用实义动词She needs to do now.)
(3)应注意needn’t与mustn’t之间的区别,needn’t用来表示没有义务;mustn’t则表示有义务不做某事。
例You needn’t tell Jennifer——She already knows.你不用告诉詹妮了——她已经知道了。
You mustn’t tell Margaret——I don’t want her to know.你千万别告诉玛格丽特——我不想她知道。
(4)情态动词need可用于needn’t + have +过去分词结构,用来表示“做了不必做的事情”。
例I needn’t have bought all that wine——Only three people came.其实我没必要买这么多酒——只来了三个人。
(5)实义动词need后可跟v.-ing,动词不定式作宾语,使用v-ing时,则有被动意义。
例The garden needs watering(or…to be watered).花园需要浇水了。
Your hair needs cutting(…to be cut).你该理发了。
*类似动词还有require, want,后跟v-ing作宾语时都用主动表示被动意思。
3.enough n. adj.& adv.
(1)n.足够的东西(如钱,事情,工作等)。enough用作名词时,可代表不可数名词或可数名词。在句中可作主语、宾语或表语。
例Not enough is known about this subject (作主语).
关于这个问题,知道得还不够多。
He couldn’t earn enough to keep a family of four (作宾语).
他赚的钱不足养活四口之家。
Five men will be quite enough (作表语).
五个人将完全足够了。
(2)adj 足够(的)
enough用作形容词时,可以放在所修饰的名词之前,也可放在名词之后。
例We haven’t enough time (time enough) to catch the train now.我们现在赶火车的时间不够了。
(3)adv.够……(紧跟所修饰的词)
enough 用作副词时,放在它所修饰的形容词、副词和过去分词之后,并与不定式或for连用。
例The situation is serious enough.局势够严重。
The boy isn’t old enough to go to school.这男孩还不到上学的年龄。
Five pounds is a good enough price for it.买这样东西5英镑的价格是完全足够了。
4.Make the person throw up.使这个人呕吐。
throw up
(1)吐出,呕吐
(2)放弃,辞去
例After he had thrown up, he felt better.吐过之后,他感到好受一些。
He threw up his dinner.他把吃的饭呕吐了。
This man has thrown up his job.这人已辞掉他的工作了。
He had planned to go to the North for the summer but since then he had thrown it up.他曾计划到北方去消夏,但后来已放弃了这个打算。
5.attention
注意;专心(不可数);款待;殷勤(复数)
常用短语:
pay attention to 注意,专心
call attention to 要求(某人)注意
draw one’s attention to.吸引某人的注意
First Aid