您正在看的英文论文是:To Foreignize or To Domesticate。 iews aroused my interest in finding out whether

　　the Chinese tend to domesticate or to foreignize when they translate a

　　foreign text. In what follows I shall not compare translation by Western

　　and Chinese translators, but rather look into the translation of English

　　metaphors into Chinese.

　　2. What is Metaphor?

　　The Random House Unabridged Dictionary (second addition) defines metaphor

　　as "a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something

　　to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance."

　　While according to BBC English Dictionary, "metaphor is a way of describing

　　something by saying that it is something else which has the qualities that

　　you are trying to describe."

　　Peter Newmark defines metaphor as "any figurative eXPression: the transferred

　　sense of a physical word; the personification of an abstraction; the application

　　of a word or collocation to what it does not literally denote, i.e., to

　　describe one thing in terms of another. [...] Metaphors may be ’single’

　　-- viz. one-word -- or ’extended’ (a collocation, an idiom, a sentence,

　　a proverb, an allegory, a complete imaginative text" (1988b:104).

　　Snell-Hornby rejects Newmark’s concept of the "one-word metaphor" in favour

　　of Weinrich’s definition that "metaphor is text" (1988:56). She believes

　　that a metaphor is a complex of (at least) three dimensions (object, image

　　and sense), reflecting the tension between resemblance and

　　disparity" (1988: 56-57).

　　This paper will follow the idea that "metaphor is text" which includes

　　an idiom, a sentence, a proverb and an allegory.

　　3. What has been said about the translation of metaphor?

　　"In contrast to the voluminous literature on metaphor in the field of literary

　　criticism and rhetoric, the translation of metaphor has been largely neglected

　　by translation theorists" (Fung, 1995). In his article "Can metaphor be

　　translatable?", which is regarded as an initial discussion of the subject,

　　Dagut says,

　　"What determines the translatability of a source language metaphor is not

　　its ’boldness’ or ’originality’, but rather the extent to which the cultural

　　eXPerience and semantic

　　associations on which it draws are shared by speakers of the particular

　　target language"

　　(1976).

　　Snell-Hornby takes metaphor translation in the light of the integrated

　　approach. She says that

　　The sense of the metaphor is frequently culture-specific, [...] Whether

　　a metaphor is

　　’translatable’ (i.e. whether a literal translation could recreate identical

　　dimensions), how

　　difficult it is to translate, how it can be translated and whether it should

　　be translated at all

　　cannot be decided by a set of abstract rules, but must depend on the structure

　　and function of

　　the particular metaphor within the text concerned ". (1988: 56-9)

　　van den Broeck conceives the treatment of metaphors as a functional relevancy

　　to the communicative situation (1981). Mary Fung also considers translating

　　metaphor as a communicative event which is both interlingual and intercultural

　　(1995).

　　Different from the semantic, cultural and functional perspectives mentioned

　　above, Newmark holds a more pragmatic approach. Drawing on his practical

　　eXPer