您正在看的英文论文是:To Foreignize or To Domesticate。 ience, he proposes several procedures for translating metaphor: (1)

　　Reproducing the same image in the target language; (2)

　　Replacing the SL image with another established TL image; (3) Replacing

　　the metaphor by simile; (4) Retaining the metaphor and adding the sense;

　　(5) Converting the metaphor to sense; (6) Omitting the metaphor if it is

　　redundant.

　　Discussions of the subject, especially those written in Chinese, are also

　　pragmatic rather than theoretical. In E-C Translation Coursebook (1980

　　) which is the most widely used translation textbook in China, Zhang Peiji

　　(张培基) and his co-compilers summarized three popular methods for translating

　　metaphors: (1) Literal translation (similar to Newmark’s first procedure);

　　(2) Replacing the SL image with a standard TL image (similar to Newmark’s

　　second procedure); (3) Converting the metaphor to sense (Same as Newmark’s

　　fifth procedure).

　　Based on the methods suggested by Zhang and his colleagues, Guo Zhuzhang

　　(郭著章) proposes five in A Practical Coursebook in Translation Between

　　English and Chinese (1996, revised edition): (1) Literal translation plus

　　eXPlanation; (2) Literal translation plus meaning; (3) Adapting the metaphor;

　　(4) Using Chinese couplets to render the English metaphor; (5) Replacing

　　the SL image with a TL image.

　　4. How Are Metaphors Translated?

　　The above methods, envisaged as guidelines for the translation students

　　as well as the practical translators, are quite exhaustive of rendering

　　the metaphor. Which of the methods of translation are actually domesticating

　　and which ones foreignizing? In the following section I will cite some

　　examples of metaphor translation from two translation textbooks, two dictionaries

　　and two articles as the source for the analysis.

　　4.1 Examples

　　Examples are cited from: (1) E-C Translation Coursebook (1980) by Zhang

　　Peiji (张培基) et al., (2) A Practical Coursebook in Translation Between

　　English and Chinese (1996, revised edition) by Guo Zhuzhang (郭著章) et

　　al., (3) The English-Chinese Dictionary (1993,Unabridged) by Lu Gusun (陆谷孙，chief

　　editor), (4) Longman English-Chinese Dictionary of English Idioms (1995)

　　by Li Yinhua (李荫华) et al. (revisers of translation), (5) "Free translation,

　　literal translation and word-for-word translation" (1981) by Feng Shize

　　(冯世则), and (6) "Pragmatics and translation" (1994) by He Ziran (何自然).

　　Example 1

　　But I hated Sakamoto, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our

　　ancestors.

　　但是我恨阪本，并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。 (Zhang，1980: 12)。

　　(My back translation: But I ... he’d surely lead us to see our ancestors.)

　　Example 2

　　Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but

　　in a few years, he

　　was completely defeated.

　　希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的，可是不到几年，就被彻底击败了。

　　(Zhang，1980: 13) (Back translation: Hitler was armed to the teeth ...)

　　Example 3

　　He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then

　　wiped away his

　　crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.

　　他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去他那鳄鱼的眼泪。 (Feng , 1981)

　　(Back translation: He walked ... his crocodile tears ...)

　　Example 4

　　Among the blind the one-eyed man is king.

　　山中没老虎，猴子称霸王。(Guo & Li, 1996: 183)

　　(My back translation: The monkey reigns in the mountains when there is

　　no tiger there.)

　　Example 5

　　Talk/Speak of the devil (and he will appear).

　　说到曹操，曹操就到。(Lu, 1993: 463)

　　(My back translation: Talk of Caocao, and he will appear.)

　　Example 6

　　Peter does annoy me, coming around here all the time. Oh, talk of the devil!

　　That’s probably

　　him at the door now.

　　彼得真令我讨厌，老是到这儿来。哦，说鬼鬼到!在门口的可能就是他。(Li , 1995:

　　118)

　　(My back translation: ... Oh, speak of the devil, and he will appear.)

　　Example 7

　　One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.

　　一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚