您正在看的英文论文是:To Foreignize or To Domesticate。 没水吃。 (Zhang, 162)

　　(My back translation: One Buddhist monk carries water for himself, two

　　monks carry water

　　together, three monks have no water to drink.)

　　Example 8

　　Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.

　　据说家家户户至少也有一桩家丑。(Feng, 1981)

　　(My back translation: Every family is said to ... family scandal.)

　　Example 9

　　A skeleton in the cupboard/ closet

　　衣柜里的骷髅, 见不得人的事儿 (He, 1994)

　　(My back translation: a skeleton in the closet, something not fit to be

　　seen)

　　Example 10

　　To carry coals to Newcastle

　　运煤到纽卡索，多此一举。

　　注："纽卡索" 是英国的一个产煤中心地，运煤到此是多余的事。 (Zhang, 1980:163-4)

　　(My back translation: To carry coals to Newcastle, making an unnecessary

　　move)

　　Example 11

　　The teenagers don’t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket.

　　青少年们不邀请鲍勃参加他们的聚会因为他是一个令人扫兴的人。(Zhang, 1980:

　　162)

　　(My back translation: The ... because he is a disappointment.)

　　Example 12

　　She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth; she thinks she can do what

　　she likes.

　　她生长在富贵之家，认为凡事都可以随心所欲。 (Zhang, 1980: 163)

　　(My back translation: She was born in a wealthy family....)

　　Example 13

　　He who keeps company wtih the wolf will learn to howl"

　　近朱者赤，近墨者黑。 (Guo, 1996: 183)

　　(My back translation: He who touches vermillion will be reddened, and he

　　who deals with

　　ink will be blackened.)

　　Example 14

　　Great men are not always wise.

　　人有失手日，马有失蹄时。(Guo, 1996: 182-3)

　　(My back translation: Men will make mistakes, horses all stumble.)

　　4.2 Analysis

　　The analysis is based on the following five common translation methods:

　　(1) Literal translation (retaining the same image in the target language);

　　(2) Replacing the SL image with a standard TL image; (3) Literal translation

　　plus sense and eXPlanation; (4) Converting the metaphor to meaning; (5)

　　Using Chinese couplets to replace the English metaphor.

　　Metaphors in examples 1, 2, 3 and 6 are translated literally. The aim of

　　literal translation is to retain the national or local colour, the original

　　images as well as the foreign eXPressions so as to enrich the target language

　　. (Zhang, 1980: 161). "To his ancestors" (Example 1) "去见祖先" , is a

　　euphemism for "to die". This eXPression is vivid and easy for the ordinary

　　Chinese reader to understand. "Armed to the teeth" (Example 2) "武装到牙齿"

　　sounds a bit exaggerating but very impressive. The image of a person armed

　　to the teeth is so picturesque that it is hard for the target language

　　reader to forget. This literal translation has been widely accepted since

　　New China was established.

　　"A more common procedure for translating metaphors is to replace the SL

　　image with another established TL image, if one exists that is equally

　　frequent within the register" (Newmark, 1988: 109). The proverbs in examples

　　4,5, and 7, are all adapted into Chinese versions, replacing the SL images

　　with TL images which are familiar to the Chinese reader. These Chinese

　　images are widely different from but similar in sense to the original ones

　　. Perhaps it is all right to render the proverb in example 4 "among the

　　blind the one-eyed man is king" literally into "盲人之中单眼汉为王", because

　　the meaning as well as the image is clear. But the proverb "One boy is

　　a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy" is a concept rather than

　　an image, if it is translated literally, it would be wordy and may not

　　be able to impress the Chinese reader as strongly as the converted version.

　　There has been some arguments about the translation of the metaphorical

　　saying "Talking of the devil, and he will appear". Some (Zhang, 1980; Lu,

　　1993) believe that i