您正在看的英文论文是:To Foreignize or To Domesticate。 t is acceptable to convert it into "说到曹操，曹操就到"

　　because this figurative eXPression is known to all, while others (Guo,

　　1996; Li, 1995) think that Caocao is a national figure in the Chinese history

　　who represents certain features of the Chinese culture. If the original

　　text is about western culture and western people, it would be inappropriate

　　to bring CaoCao into the scene. Perhaps that is why Li and his colleagues

　　decided to translate it literally into "说鬼鬼到" ( Example 6).

　　The translation method applied to metaphors in examples 8, 11 and 12 is

　　"free translation" (the usual Chinese term) or in Newmark’s words, converting

　　the metaphor to sense. To the Chinese reader, the image of "a skeleton

　　in the cupboard", may mean ugly, horrible and frightening; "a wet blanket"

　　is merely a blanket which is soaked with water, and "a silver spoon" is

　　just a spoon different from a china spoon. They may not be able to understand

　　the referential meanings these images carry in the metaphors. Most probably

　　for this reason the metaphors are all converted to sense, to more general

　　eXPressions, "family scandal" (家丑) , "a disappointment" (令人扫兴的人)

　　and "a wealthy family"(富贵之家) which are abstract concepts rather than

　　concrete images. Snell Hornby is right in saying that "as an abstract concept,

　　metaphor might be universal; in its concrete realization however, being

　　closely linked with sensuous perception and culture-bound value judgments,

　　it is undoubtedly complicated by language-specific idiosyncrasies" (1988:

　　62-3).

　　The metaphor in Example 9 is the same as that in Example 8, but is treated

　　differently. Actually, there has been some arguments about the translation

　　of this metaphorical phrase. In an article written in 1981, Feng Shize

　　says that if the English idiom "skeleton in the cupboard" is translated

　　literally into "衣柜里的骷髅", the Chinese reader might not understand

　　what it means, so he suggested to render it to sense. In another article

　　written later in the same year, Xu Shigu (徐世谷) does not subscribe to

　　Feng’s opinion. He argues that if the first translator of the metaphor

　　"the crocodile’s tears" thought in the same way as Feng, the Chinese reader

　　would not have been able to understand the image, neither could the eXPression

　　be able to get into the Chinese vocabulary. Xu proposed translating it

　　literally plus meaning or eXPlanation. But it took a long time for people

　　to accept the "skeleton" image:. In the English-Chinese Dictionary (unabridged)

　　, the standard dictionary of this kind in China, the translation of the

　　metaphor is nearly the same as Feng’s. It was not until 1992 had the "the

　　skeleton" image been directly brought into the Chinese culture, although

　　with a brief interpretation to reveal its implied meaning (see Example

　　9).

　　The translation of "To carry coals to Newcastle" indicates another common

　　problem. Zhang and his colleagues translate this metaphor literally into

　　"运煤到纽卡?quot; and then add the referential meaning "多此一举" (making

　　an unnecessary move). Still they assume that it can not be understood completely

　　because the reader may not know what "Newcastle" means, so they suggest

　　making a note to identify this place rich in coal.

　　In the last two examples, we see that "He who keeps company with the wolf

　　will learn to howl" is turned into "近朱者赤，近墨者黑" (He who touches

　　vermilion will be reddened, and he who deals with ink will be blackened);

　　"Great men are not always wise" becomes "人有失手日，马有失蹄时" (Men will

　　make mistakes, horses all stumble). There is a change of image and references

　　in both translations. Antithetical coup