您正在看的英文论文是:To Foreignize or To Domesticate。 lets are a special feature in the

　　Chinese culture. When the Chinese couplets are used to render the English

　　proverbs, the translated version often bring in more images than the original

　　although the philosophy of the proverb remains the same.

　　5. Findings and implications

　　Are SL culture specific eXPressions replaced purely and simply or are they

　　more often than not retained in Chinese translations? My investigation

　　shows neither. From the above examples of metaphor translation and analysis,

　　we can see that methods 1 and 3 ( literal translation; literal translation

　　plus sense and eXPlanation) are practiced with the concept of foreignization.

　　The translator "deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something

　　of the foreigness of the original" (Shuttleworth &Cowie, 1997:59). The

　　translator’s choice, in Venuti’s words, is an ethno-deviant pressure on

　　target language values "to register the linguistic and cultural difference

　　of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad" (1993: 20).

　　Methods 2, 4 and 5 (Replacing the SL image with a standard TL image; Converting

　　the metaphor to meaning; using Chinese couplets to replace the English

　　metaphor.) are domesticating strategies, in which "a transparent, fluent

　　style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text

　　for target language readers" (Shuttleworth &Cowie, 1997:59).

　　Then what makes the translator decide on the domesticating or foreignizing

　　strategy? My research shows that

　　(1) When the basic metaphorical concepts of SL and TL communities correspond,

　　as in "to our ancestors" and "armed to teeth", the original image or flavour

　　is most likely to be retained.

　　(2) When they come cross SL historical, geographical or folk heritage in

　　cultural-specific metaphors as such "to carry coals to Newcastle" and "a

　　skeleton in the cupboard/closet", the Chinese translator would try very

　　hard to find suitable solutions for them. The best solution so far is to

　　retain the original image or cultural -specific features with the support

　　of interpretations so that the implications of the story generally accepted

　　by members of the culture eventually get cross to the TL reader.

　　(3) The TL reader’s response is still a significant criterion and the main

　　consideration in metaphor translation. When the associations of an image

　　in the SL is lacking in the TL, for

　　instance, "to be born with a silver in one’s mouth", "a wet blanket", the

　　translator tends to adapt the metaphor into idiomatic target language eXPressions.

　　(4) When translating the English metaphor, particularly those embedded

　　in proverbs, such as "He who keeps company with the wolf will learn to

　　howl" and "Great men are not always wise", the Chinese translator, more

　　often than not, seeks for an equivalent eXPression (e.g. a Chinese couplet)

　　to replace the original, although the equivalence is sometimes far from

　　accurate

　　6. Conclusion

　　On examining the translation of metaphor and the discussion of some of

　　the problems involved, I have realized that different methods of translation

　　are changeable rather than fixed, contingent rather than eternal. Whether

　　to use foreignizing or domesticating strategy depends on different factors

　　such as the importance and the contextual factors of the SL text, the consideration

　　of referential accuracy, the reader’s acceptability and the "pragmatic

　　economy" (Newmark, 1988b: 110). I believe there are special problems involved

　　in the translation of metaphor, but th