您正在看的世界文学论文是:评《老人与海》中海明威写作风格和手法。 rose like mountains and the coast was only a long green line with the gray-blue hills behind it. The water was a dark blue now, so dark that it was almost purple. As he looked down into it he saw the red sifting of the plankton in the dark water and the strange light the sun made now.21

　　These facts show readers the process of fishing, which mostly comes from the author’s own eXPerience. From these facts, which are vivid, precise and terse, readers can learn a lot about how to catch a fish and can also feel as if they themselves were catching a fish. Then they will have the sense that what the author describes is real and believable. Therefore, as Kenneth Graham has said, many facts in the novel about fishing and about the sea have a double function: they satisfy people’s sense of the real word. And this is what underlies Hemingway’s famous statement that his intention was always to convey to the reader “the way it was.”22

　　All in all, Hemingway’s language in The Old Man and the Sea is simple and natural on the surface, but actually deliberate and artificial. “The language is rarely emotional. Rather, it controls emotions: it holds them in.”23 The forming of this distinct style is related to Hemingway’s own eXPerience. And the influence of this style is not only within America but also all over the world. The facts in the novel are selected and used as a device to make the fictional world accepted. Unlike other novelists who add allegorical meanings to their facts, Hemingway uses the facts simply and naturally, without any emotion. In the latter part of the novel, instead of being narrated by the author, the facts are used from inside Santiago’s own consciousness, and form part of a whole scheme of the novel. Besides what have been mentioned above, other techniques in The Old Man and the Sea, such as realism, monologue, the creation of suspense and so on, are also very successful. All these show Hemingway’s superb artistic attainments as a Nobel Prize winner.

　　Notes:

　　1. Kenneth Graham, “commentary” in York Notes: The Old Man and the Sea, (Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1991), p41

　　2. Chang Yaoxin, “Chapter 14” in A Survey of American Literature, (TianJin: Nankai University Press, 1987), p304

　　3. Mary A. Campbell, “Study Guide” in The Old Man and the Sea, (Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998), p126

　　4. Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, (Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998), p8

　　5. Ibid, p83

　　6. Kenneth Graham, “commentary” in York Notes: The Old Man and the Sea, (Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1991), p42

　　7. Ibid, p45

　　8. Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, (Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998), p20

　　9. Ernest Hemingway, Death in the Afternoon, (New York, 1932), p138

　　10. Times, 13 December 1954.

　　11. Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, (Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998), p2

　　12. Ibid, p1

　　13. Chang Yaoxin, “Chapter 14” in A Survey of American Literature, (TianJin: Nankai University Press, 1987), p295

　　14. A.E.Hotchner, Papa Hemingway, (New York: Random House, 1966), p1

　　15. Roger Asselineau, ed, “Hemingway’s English Reputation” in The Literary Reputation of Hemingway in Europe, (New York: New York University Press, 1965), p15

　　16. Ibid, p10

　　17. Chang Yaoxin, “Chapter 14” in A Survey of American Literature, (TianJin: Nankai University Press, 1987), p305

　　18. Kenneth Graham, “commentary” in York Notes: The Old Man and the Sea, (Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1991), p25

　　19. Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, (Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998), p79

　　20. Kenneth Graham, “commentary” in York Notes: The Old Man and the Sea, (Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1991), p29

　　21. Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, (Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998), p26

　　22. Kenneth Graham, “commentary” in York Notes: The Old Man and the Sea, (Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1991), p29

　　23. Peter B. High, “Chapter 11” in An Outline of American Literature, (New York: Long man Inc., 1986), p147

　　Bibliography:

　　1. Chang Yaoxin, “Chapter 14” in A Survey of A