您正在看的英语翻译是:翻译中的谴词用句问题。 XPlanation of an English dictionary. This is a major means in English-Chinese translation. For example:
Stopout --- (U.S.) a student who interrupts his education to pursue some other activity for a brief period 辍学学生
community--- a social group or class having common interests ……派（界），……界人士
challenge --- to question the lawfulness or rightness of (sth. Or sb.) 对……表示怀疑, 质疑; 对……提出异议

2) Transplant（移植法）
That is a literal translation of the parts of a given English word.
Microwave 微波 supermarket 超级市场
splashdown 溅落 dataphone 数据送话（机）

3) Extension（引伸法）
This may be either from specific to general or from concrete to abstract, and vice versa.
Bottleneck 瓶颈→交通狭口→阻塞 (from concrete to abstract)
brain trust 脑托拉斯→智囊团 (from specific to general)
brain drain 脑排干→人才外流→人才流失 ( from concrete to abstract)
It is more than transient everydayness. 这远非一时的柴米油盐问题。(from abstract to concrete)

4) Substitution（替代法）
This is to replace the words of the original eXPression with Chinese synonyms or idioms according to different situations.
To kill sb. As an example杀一儆百 (or: 杀鸡给猴看 )
Please withhold the handout.请不要发这些材料。
He was indeed a good riddance.他还是不在的好。
The same is not true with a mortal illness. 如果是得了不治之症 ( or: 绝症)，情况就不一样了。

5) EXPlanation（释义法）
This technique is commonly used when there is no corresponding Chinese eXPression and all the above-mentioned techniques fail to make sense.
Mindlessness 思想上的浑浊状态
togetherness 不分彼此的集体感
redshirt 美国大学中在体育方面有发展前途的学生
swan song 绝唱，辞世之作、归天之作
a throwaway society 一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会

6) Combination（合并法）
This means to integrate two words of close meaning into one eXPression.
So subtle and careful an observer 一位如此精细的观察者
his mendacity and dishonesty 他的狡诈
a grim and tragic Christmas 一个惨淡的圣诞节
the body and mind cramped by noxious work有害工作造成的身心困顿

7) Pictographic Translation（图形法）
By this technique English words are translated according to their actual shapes.
H-beam 工字梁 O-ring 环形圈
U-steel 槽钢 V-belt 三角皮带
X-brace 交叉支撑 Y-cur